Digital Anthropology

The ebook diversifies, but print is here to stay

Thursday, December 29th, 2011 | Author: Sojournposse Editor

By Salina Christmas

REPORT: “Whatever is to become of books?” at London Design Festival 2011. Ebook generates 15% of the revenues for some publishers, with the romance genre having a huge slice in the market share, says Angus Phillips, Director, Oxford International Centre for Publishing Studies at Oxford Brookes University.

Although digitality has turned the publishing world upside down, Phillips stressed that it is “an exciting time for everyone” as the ebook offer so many opportunities in terms of innovations. The talk, delivered at the London Design Festival event, “Whatever is to become of books?”, at University College London on 17 September 2011, also introduced us to the new classifications in books: ebook, pbook, vanilla book, mook, byook and so on.

In this video, Phillips presented the byook – a format of ebook which is deployed on the smartphone – to the audience.

The event was supported by UCL Anthropology and co-organised by MSc Digital Anthropology students of UCL.

To find out more about the event and to get involved with the 2012 book project by Sojournposse Purpose, visit the Story of Books, the official website, at www.storyofbooks.com.

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Capturing the essence of the world: Photographer Luca Sage on the art of seeing

Tuesday, December 13th, 2011 | Author: Sojournposse Editor

By Zarina Holmes

We could barely keep up with the meteoric rise of Luca Sage. Last year alone he won the KL Photo Awards 2011, LPA Portraiture Awards 2011 and ‘Best in Show’ at Foto8 Summershow 2011. The multiple award-winning photographer shares his thoughts on what makes a great visual storyteller. He said: “Never stop trying different ways of seeing, but above all try to slow down.”

Bread boy in Malawi. Photo © Luca Sage.

Bread boy in Malawi. Photo © Luca Sage.


Q. You have steadily won a few leading photography awards recently, especially on your portraiture work. How do you describe your style and influences?

In some ways I think my work is quite clinical with its composition, I seem to have a dislike for disorder. Conversely, my locations are anything but clinical, I tend towards cultures and countries that are relatively less homogenised by global culture.

Regarding influences, I find it hard to pin it down to one or two photographers or mediums, I think I’ve been influenced by everything I’ve ever seen and done, not just the photographers I have studied. A thread running through my work my response to the negativity that mass media and press has on people’s belief of other cultures.

Mass Media has a very powerful and lasting affect on people’s opinions of what is going on in the world. If viewers only ever see footage of starving African children or wild elephants then it stamps a cultural view in their subconscious.

Hopefully my portraits give a different view to one the mass media portrays. My portraits are positive portrayals engaging with the sitter as an individual but at the same time I now realise it is as much about them as it is about me. I’m in control of what and who I portrait, just like the Media are in control of what footage they want us to see.

Q. How does a photographer achieve consistency in style? How do you balance between commercial demand and retaining your unique photography signature? I think you have successfully arrived at this point.

It is not a simple matter but I think my eye is now trained to see in a certain way. In a sense, it is like peeling back the layers until I get to see what I want. I de-clutter the immediate World around me, trying to express the essence of what I feel. I can’t say it is the essence of what the sitter feels, as I can never truly know that.

With my personal work it is easier because I have more control over when and where I shoot, I don’t see that as work at all. With commercial demands, I adapt my work into the brief, it hopefully ends up as being something to be appreciated by more than just other photographers, which is probably a good thing.

Q. You have been working in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. I like the fact that many of your images of these countries are positive and expose the beautiful side. Do you think there are too many heavy depictions of Africa and the third world in photography?

Yes, I certainly do. I can instantly call to mind a plethora of images that have become the norm for representing ‘Africa’. It is an impossible task first of all because Africa is many different countries, religions, people and societies.

Secondly, our view of Africa in the West is filtered through two broad avenues, one being the ‘Africa needs our help’ view and the other being the ‘Sunset Savannah Safari’ landscapes. Contemporary photography is now contributing to a change in this narrow view and it is not a moment to soon in my opinion.

 Ivory Coast United. Photo © Luca Sage.

Multiple award-winning Ivory Coast United. Photo © Luca Sage.


Q. Sojournposse uses digital anthropology observation to inform our multimedia storytelling. You are also a social anthropologist. How does that discipline inform your storytelling?

“Anthropology holds fascination for many people, with good reason: its subject matter is no less than the entire range of human experience.” – Harris.

One of the first times I showed my book to a picture editor, I said that I had previously studied Social Anthropology but didn’t want to become one after I’d graduated. He laughed and replied: “But I can see it through all of your work, it is all still there”. It is embedded in my thought process so much that I don’t even notice it so much.

I think the biggest lesson it has taught me is respect. Respect for the differences we have but highlighting we are all the same, we are all human, we all have feelings and emotions.

Q. Any advice on how to be good at portraiture, or photography in general?

That’s a good question. You never stop learning, which is why photography has such a hold on photographers. We certainly aren’t in it for the money.

Never stop trying different ways of seeing, but above all try to slow down. If you are driving a car and want to concentrate on the view outside you have to stop, step out of the car and really look. Nobody ever sees something fully at 70mph.

Of course this is easier if you are shooting personal work than if you are on assignment and have only 5 minutes to nail the shot. But even then it is better to have 5 great shots than 50 average shots. Above all, follow your heart. It really is how you produce your best shots.

See Luca Sage’s work on www.lucasage.com

KL Photo Awards entry is now open until Saturday 31 March 2012. For more details, visit www.klphotoawards.com and follow @klphotoawards on Twitter.

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Picturing the SW tradesmen

Sunday, November 27th, 2011 | Author: Sojournposse Editor

By Salina Christmas

SWXX, a hyperlocal visual blog on Fulham and its surrounding SW districts, is a personal project of our Creative Director, Zarina Holmes. She asked me what ethnography is and how it that could be done with photographs. I said if it’s ethnography, it’s documentary, and it’s not necessarily portraiture. Was she thinking of portraiture, or was she thinking of documenting?

In that aspect, Bob Gumpert is a good lead to follow. He did a good job with his series of prison photographs and audio recordings, “Take a picture, tell a story”, but he told us frankly that it was not ethnography. It was certainly not anthropology. He was simply appalled by the condition in the prison and felt compelled to do something about it with his photography.

Timmy's Pies (Ben, left, Timmy, right) at Union Market. Photo © Zarina Holmes / SWXX.

After seeing several photographs that Holmes did on the butchers and the pie makers in Fulham, I suggested that she provides visibility to the labour workforce in the area using her photographs, with the blog SWXX to mediate these images, and by proxy, their social presence.

Cheerful Randalls Butchers. Photo © Zarina Holmes / SWXX

Fulham: not posh, just provincial

It is generally assumed that Fulham is an upper middle-class area sandwiched between Chelsea and Putney full of bankers, lawyers and Sloans. It is also generally assumed that everyone living here is rich. Not quite. Londoners have a habit of construing the ‘provincial’ and the ‘conservative’ as ‘posh’. Leave London, go to Yr Wyddgrug, for example, and observe the way the village folks live, eat, play golf, rugby and cricket over the weekend, row boats, work on allotments, ride horses and wear that maroon wooly jumper, and you will realise that the habitus Londoners identify as ‘posh’ is actually simply ‘country’ or just a typical British way of living to many people outside London. The aggregate (1) of ‘country’ and ‘folksy’ change to ‘posh’ only in London where overpaid and overworked professionals aspire for a quiet life away from the city madness, and use lavish countryside escapades such as skiiing, horse-riding, rowing (2) and golfing as a status symbol.

Florists Ksenia and Gina at Jazz Flowers. Photo © Zarina Holmes / SWXX

There is a sizeable working- and middle-class people in Fulham, and definitely a significant number of traders. Historically, Sands End and South Fulham were the area where the Arts and Crafts movement thrived: De Morgan Road, where we used to live, close to the Thames, was named after the potter and tile designer whoused to work for William Morris two centuries ago. Morris, who lived up the road in Hammersmith, had some of his tiles made from the clay off the Sands End riverside bank. There are still furniture and interior design shops lining the streets of Fulham and Chelsea, close to Wandsworth Bridge.

It is this heritage that SWXX aims to preserve.

Unintentional muting and othering

The Vagabond team. From left to right: Stephen Finch, Peter Ingram and Colin Thorne. Photo © Zarina Holmes / SWXX.

The nature of anthropology that I do is of the culture of concealment. Often, due to lack of representation in the media, mainstream or otherwise, we inadvertently ‘mute’ a segment of society (Ardener, 1975). Chomsky raved about the muting of the ‘working class’ by the US mainstream media. I think the tradesmen of Fulham somehow got muted, too, not by some kind Othering (Heryanto & Mandal, 2005) built to create a favourable description of the dominant ‘Self’ – the Self implied here being the dominant class or ethnic group – but simply because we assume this area is purely residential and upper middle-class. In assuming that, we overlook the labourers.

Well done to Holmes for striving to make the SW tradesmen visible. Editors, if you want to scout for a hyperlocal visual journalist who gets what community reporting is, look no further than Ms Holmes. I am glad a sliver of insight gained from Digital Anthropology helps to contribute towards the development of this project.

1. Pauline Garvey spoke at a recent Material, Visual and Digital Culture seminar on “Democratic Design and the Ikea Flatpack” (21 November 2011) on how the aggregate of Ikea furniture as everyday, homogenising artefacts accessible by Swedish consumers become a status symbol of modernity when they’re shipped to places like the United Kingdom.

2. Coming from a country surrounded by water, I can assure you water transports and the associated sports are not necessarily considered ‘preppy’ or upper class. I don’t get what the deal is with class and rowing, other than it’s so expensive in London that only the bankers can afford to do it.

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Protests? Romance? You can’t do without digital engagement

Friday, November 25th, 2011 | Author: Sojournposse Editor

By Salina Christmas

Manuel Castells spoke before a full house at the London School of Economic (LSE)’s Sheikh Zayed Lecture Theatre yesterday to tell us that protests, politics and even romantic correspondence can’t do without the internet nowadays. While he did, I deployed our mobile newsroom with nothing more than wifi, open source apps and mobile devices. Methodology: whatever won’t kill the battery.

Not a great shot of Castells, but I am experimenting with a mobile / open source concept of mobile newsroom using mobile devices and open source digital applications. It works. Photo: © Salina Christmas

I am not going to argue with an eminent sociologist, especially if he is the fifth most-cited social science scholar, according to Wikipedia. But after listening to Castells’s talk, “Social movement in the age of the internet” at the LSE last night, I really wonder if I could have a relationship that is totally off the internet. Away from Facebook, Twitter and all. Now that would be a challenge I shall rise up to.

His talk also gave Sojournposse the opportunity to play around with Qik, Audioboo and the various mobile devices and open source software applications that we deployed on our iPhone, iPad and Mac laptop, just to see if the mobile newsroom concept that we have been harping on for ages work.

The photo, rather grainy, was snapped from a distance using an iPhone4 – no guys, not the kind of work I’d submit to a photo competition (yes, we have participated in quite a few), but the point is, we used a phone, not a camera, and I edited it using GIMP, not Fireworks. I have to say no photo editing software can beat Fireworks in terms of web optimisation of photos. But yup, I have purged the new Mac off the usual Macromedia and Windows applications.

Doing the do with Audioboo

Since Qik would definitely kill off the iPhone battery, we opted for Audioboo instead. I have the old version of iPad and wasn’t sure if it could record sound very well. It could. It’s not BBC Radio 4, anyway, and the intention is to apply the digital anthropology principle of ‘bricolage’. So we rode on the LSE wifi, and away we went with the broadcast. Have a listen to the clips, each lasting four minutes.

The embed worked fine, but as usual, you have to change the dimensions a bit with basic coding. Nothing spectacular. After four months of academic writing, it felt great to code again. The mobile newsroom is good to go.

Manuel Castells: "Power construction" (mp3)

Manuel Castells: Fear & indignation (mp3)

Manuel Castells: Occupy movement & Internet “fight” (mp3)

Manuel Castells: A cross-generational visual movement (mp3)

Manuel Castells: Forging relationship on the Internet (mp3)

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Gaddafi: Now that’s entertainment

Friday, October 21st, 2011 | Author: Sojournposse Editor

By Salina Christmas

So, the Saudis are uncivilised for the beheadings in the car park? Look at our newspapers. And the BBC.

Last week, after the New Media Industrial Council meeting, Phil Mac Giolla Bhain and I got talking at the local pub over the Celtic and Rangers football rivalry which he has been reporting on for several years. I find the notion of games and ethnic or national identity being tied together very intriguing.

Mac Giolla Bhan told me a fascinating story about football, or soccer as the Yanks call it. Before football became big in the 19th Century, public hanging was, for centuries, a popular form of public entertainment. “The gallow got higher and higher because of that,” he said. “You’d get pie sellers, families, at these events.” He told me a bit about the Tyburn jig, the 15-year lull between the time when hanging was finally made private and when soccer emerged as the next popular form of public entertainment, and the link between the Industrial Revolution and the popularity of football among the rural migrants in booming industrial towns. And of course, the history of the Celtic and Rangers football clubs.

Pie sellers, fruit sellers, family outings. No, it's not the Chelsea home match. That's Hogarth witnessing a public hanging in the 18th Century.

Play as power

Out of all the theories we learned in the Digital Anthropology module, Anthropology of Games and Simulation, I found Sutton-Smith’s and Geertz’s theories on play (1959; 1997) the most fascinating. In his study of all the 22 kissing games in Ohio (1955), Sutton-Smith concludes that the play of ‘chance’, which somehow leads to the ambiguous, if not flirtatious, nature of play serves to ‘buffer’ the players from risks such as rejection. That is, if you lose a seat in that musical chair game, you won’t feel so bad. You don’t get to kiss the girl because you lose a seat, not because she says no. The ambiguity acts like a hedge, in a way, and is meant to make the play-pretend fun.

But he also brings our attention to the notion of “play as power” (1997), which, like “fate, community identity, and frivolity… predates modern times and advocate collectively held community values rather than individual experiences”. When play reaches this point, it is not as fun anymore. “Sports, athletics and contests” are such forms of play. “Football”, Mac Giolla Bhan said during our drinks, “is gladiatorial in a way”. It merely replaced the entertainment that went before it: the public hanging. I forgot to recommend Geertz’s essay on the Balinese cockfighting to my colleague, but Mac Giolla Bhan, if you’re reading this, go to this link.

It’s snuff, but don’t we love it

Adams won a Pullitzer prize for this, so it must be good. Right?

The media coverage of Muammar Gaddafi reminds me of public hanging and football. War is the most extreme form of game. There is nothing playful about it anymore, and I would argue, not even within the context of that leisure activity called video games (“Wikileaks: I suppose it’s bloody cinema. But so is satellite imagery”, 9 May 2010). The photos and videos of Gaddafi’s last moments were broadcast on telly and online as public entertainment.

Dr Ernesto Priego, who spoke on The Comic Grids at our London Design Festival event, tweeted this to us from Mexico: “Journos have defended the right to keep showing the video but there is violence inflicted upon us watching”. He is right. “The fact it’s a mobile phone video also emphasises the banality of brutal violence; the event as document.”

My problem with the Gaddafi snuff mobile phone footage is that there is no aesthetics, play-pretend or make belief that will cushion the viewer from the traumatising shock of witnessing the content. At times, photojournalism is no better than a happy-slapping mobile footage, but the photojournalists use techniques such as depth of field, framing and colour-grading for a reason. Of course, when it gets to Eddie Adams level, it’s a different story altogether. There is no catharsis derived from watching the Gaddafi snuff video because there is no distancing device. Trauma can be passed on via storytelling, verbally, visually and auditorily. We journos call it “second-hand trauma”. The agitation brought about from watching the Gaddafi clip is not resolved because there is no catharsis.

We moved so far away from public hanging only to return to this in the digital age. The media, and of course, the photo editors are partly to be blamed. But we’ve been enjoying spectacles like this since time began. So, the Saudis are uncivilised for the beheadings in the car park? Civilised folks, look at ourselves.

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